Refining petroleum entails both the removal of these impurities and also the separation of petroleum into its various components. Fractional distillation simple english wikipedia, the. Euan bain this thesis was submitted as part of the requirement for the meng. The distillation process of crude oil is the main concern of this paper. T between 5% vol temperature of the heavy fraction and 95% vol temperature of the light fraction is used to.
This process makes use of the difference in boiling points of liquids to be separated. Petroleumrefining of petroleumknockingoctane number. How does it work why is crude oil both important and useless. The petroleum refining industry in the united states is the largest in the world, providing inputs to virtually any economic sector, including the transport sector. Here, we reported the ideas of different processes of distillations and their steps. Fractional distillation is a common practice in industry and in the laboratory. Fractional distillation of crude oil cracking chemistry petroleum. Pdf in this survey paper we can learn and sea about the density and. The specific method for this separation in crude oil is known as fractional distillation. Open hysys with only one active file, and then specify the components and.
This process is based on the principle that different substances boil at. Boyd street, t335, norman, oklahoma 73019, united states oksolutions, 4017 hatterly lane, norman, oklahoma 73072, united states. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. Different hydrocarbons in crude oil have different boiling points, so they can be separated by. The separation happens when the mixture is heated at a certain temperature where fractions of the mixture start to vaporize. Differentiated worksheets to be used while watching video. The crude oil is subjected to refining by continuous fractional distillation.
Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts fractions by heating them to a temperature at which several components evaporate. Fractional distillation of crude oil teaching resources. The trays have many holes or bubble caps like a loosened cap on a soda bottle in them to allow the vapor to pass through. Fractional distillation is the main activity of oil refineries, and is done in a large fractionating column known as a fractionation tower. Chapter 5 the petroleum refining industry industry overview the petroleum refining industry uses the largest quantity of premium fuels in the industrial sector, amounting to 2,7 quads in 1981. Fractional distillation is a means of physically separating petroleum into fractions based on differences in boiling point ranges. The difference in the boiling points of the components of the mixture makes possible the initial rough separation of petroleum by fractional distillation. This continuous fractional distillation of crude oil into different useful fractions and the removal of undesirable impurities is called refining or processing of petroleum, the different fractions, thus, obtained contain hydrocarbons of different chain lengths. Commonly used gases include nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide. The process of separating, purifying, and increasing the yield of the desirable components of petroleum are collectively referred to as petroleum refining. In most chemical processes, the distillation is continuous steady state, where batch fractionation is not as economical.
As a result, in the fractional distillation of petroleum, molecules are separated according to size. The hydrocarbons in crude oil have different boiling points, according to the number of carbon atoms their molecules contain and how they are arranged. Find fractional distillation stock images in hd and millions of other royaltyfree stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the shutterstock collection. Making crude oil usefulfractional distillation and cracking. If two components have a boiling point difference of less than 4050oc, simple distillation will not be successful at separating them. Mercury in extraction and refining process of crude oil and natural gas author. In most cases, the distillation is operated at a continuous steady state. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at. Crude oil, also called petroleum, is a complex mixture of carbon and hydrogen hydrocarbons, which exist as a liquid in the earths crust. Fractional distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries.
As the temperature of crude oil increases, different hydrocarbons are separated. Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. The petroleum to be refined is first heated in pipestill at 371 o c to 426 o c. This major fossil fuel of the modern age is viewed as an example of stored chemical. The word petroleum is composed of two latin words petra means rock and oleum means oil. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and different compounds of sulphur, oxygen and. The pressure in the pipe is so adjusted as to avoid evaporation of crude oil. But first the useful ones must be extracted from the crude oil and separated from one another.
Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1 259 31 liquefied petroleum gas c3 c4 42 1 44 31 naphtha c5 c17 36 302 97 575 gasoline c4 c12 1 216 31 421. New technologies to enhance the distillation yield of. The carbon and hydrogen in crude oil are thought to. Distillation oil refining crude oil, also called petroleum, is a complex mixture of carbon and hydrogen hydrocarbons, which exist as a liquid in the earths crust. What are the products of fractional distillation of petroleum. Fractional distillation detailed explanation along with. This separation uses a technique called fractional distillation. Industrially, crude oil is heated and sent up along the fractionating column that has decreasing temperatures with height and several platforms at different levels to collect the condensate. Aug 20, 2014 this lesson was designed for a y8 elc group, but could just as easily be used for gcse groups to teach fractional distillation. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. Crude petroleum is an exceedingly complex mixture consisting primarily of saturated hydrocarbons of the paraffin or methane series.
Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the compound will vaporize. Many useful products can be made from these hydrocarbons. It is second only to the chemicals industry in the total amount of energy it consumes. Fractional distillation is used for the distillation of crude oil in the petroleum industry. Fractional distillation of crude oil free download as word doc. The uses of the fuel gas, lpg, refinery gas, gasoline, petrol, naphtha, paraffin, kerosene, diesel oil, gas oil, fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax and bitumen fractions are tabulated. This is the second page in a sequence of three pages. Feb 28, 2016 fractional distillation and refining of petroleum 1. Industrially, crude oil is heated and sent up along the fractionating column that has decreasing temperatures with height and several platforms at. In this case, fractional distillation must be used.
New feed is always being added to the distillation column and. Fractional distillation begins when the crude oil, which is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, is put into a highpressure steam boiler. In general, the smaller the molecule, the lower its boiling point. Crude oil has many compositions, some is black, thick and tar like, while other crude oils are lighter in color and thinner. Fractional distillation is a modified distillation process that allows the. This separation is a physical method, which depends on differences in boiling points of the two or more components.
The components with different boiling points are known as fractions, and the processes of separating the fractions by fractional distillation is known as. What is crude oil and how is it turned into so many different things. The fractionating column is cooler at the top than the bottom, so the vapours cool as they. The uses of a fraction is related to its physical properties e. Best available tech reference document for the refining oil download link 1 download link 2. It is used to separate crude oil into useful components. Fractional distillation how oil refining works howstuffworks.
When the liquids boiling points are very similar, however, separation by normal distillation becomes ineffective or impossible. Fractional distillation begins when the crude oil, which is a mixture of different. The vapor enters the bottom of a long column fractional distillation column that is filled with trays or plates. Fractional distillation an overview sciencedirect topics.
The components with different boiling points are known as fractions, and the processes of separating the fractions by fractional distillation is known as refining. This page explains how the fractional distillation both in the lab and industrially of an ideal mixture of liquids relates to their phase diagram. Oil refineries and bulk storage of crude oil and petroleum products. Pdf distillation process of crude oil researchgate. Crude oil is composed of many fractions that can be used for different purposes. On a large scale it is used to refine petroleum into the fractions used. Modern living is built on crude oil this hub explains how crude oil is changed into the things we use everyday, from petrol to plastic. The separation of a mixture of liquids, depending on the boiling point of the substances. Fractional distillation introduction simple distillation can be used to separate components of a mixture that have a large difference in their boiling points. Finally, a simple explanation of fractional distillation.
Fractional distillation simple english wikipedia, the free. Fractional distillation is a process used for separating more than one liquids from a solution. It is easily the largest consumer of energy in petroleum and petrochemical processing, and so, must be approached with conservation in mind. The refinery in which distillation of petroleum is carried out has the following components. Fractional distillation is a type of distillation which involves the separation of miscible liquids. Classified under sic 29, the petroleum refining industry is. Fractional distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. Fractional distillation of crude oil queensland energy resources. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and a number of different compounds whose composition varies according to its place of occurrence. Pdf analysis of various liquid components under different. For many in the salt business, the oil was a nuisance, and they were content to burn it or allow it to run off.
This lesson was designed for a y8 elc group, but could just as easily be used for gcse groups to teach fractional distillation. These products of fractional distillation include, petrol or gasoline. Visbreaker unit upgrades heavy residual oils from the vacuum distillation unit by thermally cracking them into lighter, more valuable reduced viscosity products. However, once the crude oil is refined, it is used to produce gasoline, diesel fuel, paraffin wax, and even plastics.
The crude petroleum oil obtained from oil field, undergoes fractional distillation and a number of products are generated. This video takes you through the fractional distillation of crude oil creating 4 separate fractions naphtha, petrol gasoline, paraffin kerosene and diesel. The quality of separation in fractional distillation can be calculated using the designated cut points at 5% vol and 95% vol for the two adjacent fractions, termed as light and heavy. The trays increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column. Jan 07, 2017 fractional distillation of petroleum 1. The secret to unlocking these and other fuels from oil is the process of fractional distillation. Making crude oil useful fractional distillation and cracking. Fractional distillation of crude oil refining uses of. If you have come straight to this page from a search engine and are looking for simple. Pretreatment of crude oil although distillation often is thought of as the first major step in the refining process, it is important to remember that a pretreatment of the oil is required prior to processing with. Making crude oil useful fractional distillation and cracking monday, october 26th, 2015. Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. The choice of carrier gas is often dependant upon the type of.
Which are the products of fractional distillation of crude. Crude oil is composed of a complex mix of hydrocarbons, so the products formed from fractional distillation will also be a mix of these complex molecules. The process involves repeated distillations and condensations and the mixture is usually separated into component parts. Fractional distillation is carried out by heating the petroleum to 400 c. Thousands of new, highquality pictures added every day. Fractional distillation of crude oil experiment oresome. However, the basic categories of distilled products are. The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column.
This experiment was designed to determine the value of the hetp height equivalent to a theoretical plate of the column needed based on the efficiency of the packing material. Solvent recycling and solvent purification is another key area where fractional distillation technology is applied. A smaller mixture of substances with a range of boiling points. Crude oil fractional distillation teaching resources. Fractional distillation of crude petroleum crude oil sample scale. Petroleum is a dark brown, thick and viscous liquid which occurs below the earths surface. Distillation is the process of separating two or more liquids based on differences in their boiling points. While distillation is one of the most important unit operations, it is also one of the most energy intensive operations. The crude oil that comes out of the ground is useless on its own. Oct 19, 2012 this video takes you through the fractional distillation of crude oil creating 4 separate fractions naphtha, petrol gasoline, paraffin kerosene and diesel. Fractional distillation of multicomponent mixtures. New feed is always being added to the distillation column and products are. Petroleum is a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons.
Students will perform an experiment to fractionally distill crude oil. Mercury in extraction and refining process of crude oil. An apparatus for fractional distillation 5 theoretical plates can be identified. Fractional distillation uses the difference in boiling point to separate the hydrocarbons in crude oil. T between 5% vol temperature of the heavy fraction and 95% vol temperature of the light fraction is used to define the quality of separation. New feed is always being added to the distillation column and products are always being removed. The word petroleum is derived from the latin word petra means rock and oleum means oil. Sep 20, 2015 finally, a simple explanation of fractional distillation. Instrumental components carrier gas the carrier gas must be chemically inert. The composition of petroleum varies according to its occurrence.
A look at a schematic diagram of a gas chromatograph. Br makes a wide variety of fractional distillation systems to purify essential oils. Jun, 2015 fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at. Fractional distillation is used to remove or reduce these impurities. The fractional distillation of crude oil is featured. Samples are analyzed on a non polar chromatographic column that separates the hydrocarbons in order of their boiling points. On the right, you can see several chemical processors that are described in the next section. Br makes models for the fractional distillation of crude oil on the laboratory scale. The answer to the question of crude oils multiple uses is fractional distillation and cracking. Simulated distillation is a gc method used to characterize petroleum fractions and products, since it permits the quick determination of their boiling range distribution. Why do long hydrocarbons have higher boiling points. On the above you can see several chemical processors that are described in. Students will understand the various components of crude oil.
New technologies to enhance the distillation yield of petroleum fractionation miguel bagajewicz,, andrew lambeth, and gary valtinson school of chemical, biological and materials engineering, the university of oklahoma, 100 e. This property is used to separate the different components of petroleum by fractional distillation. The fractional distillation of the crude oil is the starting point for the manufacturing of gasoline, lubricating oil, diesel, fuel oil, chemicals and plastics. Distillation is the most common form of separation technology in the chemical industry.
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